Measurement studies and research
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Really interesting and detailed look at modelling energy usage in AWS cloud computing that includes power used by memory as well as CPU.
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Sustainable Web Design's calculations
- NB. These are half the level of websitecarbon.com's estimates above, possibly because the amount of data transferred is twice as much. Would be interesting to see if this is comparing 2017 energy data to 2019 traffic data...
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Swiss Federal Research Paper feeding into SWD piece above is absolutely fascinating. (June 2021)
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Environmental Impact of Videoconferencing - a great bit of analysis breaking down energy usage by client and server, for mobile and PC. 2022 update.
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A good dig into Deep Learning and Carbon Emissions although from 2019.
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The Carbon Footprint of Machine Learning covering research paper from June 2022.
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Green Coding's useful look at how much energy gzipping your traffic saves